Journal of Horticultural Research 32(2) 2024

ABSTRACT

Apple cultivation in nontraditional areas: Novel perspectives and advances

Low-chilling apple genotypes have become a viable alternative for cultivation in regions with moderate to mild winters due to concerns about the impact of global climate change. Although the cultivation of low chilling apples has been known since the last century, there is little research on their propagation and cultural operations, which creates an urgent need for structured information collection. This work presents a comprehensive review of agrotechnological practices aimed at successfully cultivating low-chilling apple cultivars in nontraditional, warmer regions in order to regulate apple prices in local markets and reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation. By providing comprehensive insights into various agrotechnological practices and recent advances in low-chilling apple cultivation, this review can serve as a valuable resource for researchers, growers, and practitioners interested in the successful cultivation of apples in nontraditional areas throughout the globe.

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Apple Growing in Unusual Areas: New Perspectives and Progress

Due to global climate change, apple genotypes that do not require a long chill period have become a viable alternative for cultivation in regions with moderate or mild winters. Although they have been known for the last century, there are few research results on their propagation and cultivation technology, which raises the need to organize the collected information. This article presents an overview of agrotechnical treatments used in warmer regions to grow varieties that do not require a long chill period, which can help regulate apple prices in local markets and reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation. By comprehensively presenting different agrotechnical treatments and the results of current research, this review can be a valuable resource for researchers and producers interested in apple cultivation in non-standard areas around the world.

ABSTRACT

Silver nitrate: a catalyst for in vitro development of Spathiphyllum wallisii, an important ornamental plant

The ornamental plant spathiphyllum wallisii is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, and tissue culture is regarded as a practical option for its massive production. Following the multiplication phase and successive subcultures for an extended period, some morphological changes in shoots were observed in Spathiphyllum explants, primarily a reduction in leaf area. For the first time, we report the application of silver nitrate to enhance Spathiphyllum shoot and root quality. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, with 30 g·L⁻¹ of sucrose and 100 mg·L⁻¹ of ascorbic acid, was supplemented with different concentrations of AgNO₃.The addition of AgNO₃ improved shoot development and leaf expansion by increasing their length and width. Specifically, at the 2.0–4.0 mg·L⁻¹ range, silver nitrate successfully induced the highest leaf area (1.7 cm²), while stem elongation was promoted with the application of 3.0 mg·L⁻¹ of AgNO₃. Additionally, optimal leaf numbers of new shoots were observed at 1 mg·L⁻¹. Furthermore, when used at an optimal concentration, AgNO₃ significantly boosted rhizogenesis, increasing the number (9.2 roots), length (5.8 cm), and diameter (1 mm) of roots per explant. After the plantlets were transferred to pots, they acclimatized successfully with a 100% survival rate. This finding underscores the potential of silver nitrate to optimize the growth and rooting of Spathiphyllum shoots, paving the way for a more efficient micropropagation process.

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Silver Nitrate: A Catalyst for Unprecedented Development in vitro Spathiphyllum wallisii, an important ornamental plant

Ornamental plant Spathiphyllum wallisii is becoming increasingly popular, and micropropagation is a practical option for its mass production. After multiplication and subsequent phases in explant shoots Spathiphyllum some morphological changes were observed, primarily a reduction in leaf area. For the first time, we report the use of silver nitrate to improve the quality of shoots and roots Spathiphyllum. For Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 30 g·L⁻¹ sucrose and 100 mg·L⁻¹ ascorbic acid AgNO added₃ in different concentrations. Addition of AgNO₃ improved the development of shoots and leaves by increasing their length and width. An acceleration of the growth of leaf area was observed (up to 1,7 cm²) after the application of silver nitrate in the range of 2,0–4,0 mg·L⁻¹ and stem elongation after application of 3,0 mg·L⁻¹ AgNO₃. Whereas the optimal number of leaves of new shoots occurred at a concentration of 1 mg·L⁻¹. Used in optimal concentration of AgNO₃ significantly increased the number of roots (up to 9,2 per explant), their length (up to 5,8 cm) and diameter (up to 1 mm). After transferring the seedlings to pots, they acclimatized successfully, with a 100% survival rate. These results underline the potential of silver nitrate to optimize shoot growth and rooting Spathiphyllum and increasing the efficiency of micropropagation.

ABSTRACT

In vitro propagation of Cymbidium aloifolium Sw. through shoot-tip culture

The research aimed to investigate the regenerative capacity of Cymbidium aloifolium shoot tips obtained vitro. Shoot-tip explants (< 1–2 mm) of C. aloifolium were cultured on Mitra medium supplemented with cytokinins and auxins individually and in combinations. The regenerative response, proliferation of regenerants, and subsequent plantlet development were evaluated. Explants (< 1 mm) remained resistant to regeneration, whereas those 1-2 mm responded to the chemical stimulus. Auxins were highly beneficial in initiating the regenerative response and early plantlet development. Protocorms multiplied best on medium containing sucrose at a concentration of 15 g·L^-1.

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Evaluation of effectiveness in vitro three biopreparations against Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a fungus that causes avocado fruit to rot after harvesting

The aim of the study was to assess the regenerative capacity of shoot tips. Cymbidium aloifolium from cultures in vitro. Shoot tip explants (< 1–2 mm) C. aloifolium (1976) were grown on the medium of Mitry et al. with the addition of cytokinins and auxins alone and in combination. The ability to regenerate, the proliferation of regenerants and the subsequent development of seedlings were studied. Explants smaller than 1 millimeter did not regenerate, in contrast to those 1–2 mm in size. The action of auxin was very beneficial in initiating the regenerative response and in the early development of seedlings. Protocorms reproduced best on a medium containing sucrose at a concentration of 15 g·L^-1.

ABSTRACT

Assessment of the longevity and water relations of cut gladiolus 'White Prosperity' in response to GA₃ corms pretreatment and the composition of the holding solution

The experiment was carried out in the Botanical Garden and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University (India) to identify the effect of postharvest treatments on qualitative traits of control (untreated) and GA₃ pretreated (100 ppm) corms of 'White Prosperity' gladiolus to enhance flower quality and prolong longevity. Different concentrations of sucrose alone and in combinations with citric acid and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) [T₀ -control (DDW); T₁ - 8% sucrose; T₂ – sucrose (8%) + citric acid (200 ppm); T₃ – sucrose (8%) + 8-HQ (400 ppm); T₄ -citric acid (200 ppm); T₅ -sucrose (4%); T₆ – sucrose (4%) + citric acid (200 ppm); T₇ – sucrose (4%) + 8-HQ (400 ppm)] were used as postharvest treatments under completely randomized design with ten replicates per treatment. The moisture content and the fresh weight were higher in spikes obtained from GA₃ pretreated corms placed in sucrose (4%) + 8-HQ (400 ppm) solution as postharvest treatment followed by sucrose (4%) + citric acid (200 ppm) in gladiolus. The combination of sucrose (4%) + 8-HQ (400 ppm) followed by sucrose (4%) + citric acid (200 ppm) also demonstrated the best outcomes in terms of improving water uptake and vase life, which increased by these days. These best preservative treatments are suitable for delaying flower senescence, prolonging the vase life, and enhancing the postharvest quality of gladioli. Further, this method can also help in testing new gladiolus hybrid selections.

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Evaluation of durability and water management of cut gladiolus 'White Prosperity' in response to pre-treatment of tubers with GA solution₃ and composition of the storage solution

Study of the effect of GA solution treatment₃ (100 ppm) of 'White Prosperity' gladiolus corms and different composition of storage solution for cut shoots on flower quality and shelf life were carried out at Botanical Garden and Plant Physiology Laboratory (Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, India). Sucrose in different concentrations was used alone and in combination with citric acid and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ): T₀ – control (distilled water); T₁ - sucrose 8%; T₂ – sucrose (8%) + citric acid (200 ppm); T₃ – sucrose (8%) + 8-HQ (400 ppm); T₄ - citric acid (200 ppm); T₅ - sucrose (4%); T₆ – sucrose (4%) + citric acid (200 ppm); T₇ – sucrose (4%) + 8-HQ (400 ppm). Water content and fresh weight were higher in shoots from tubers treated with GA₃ and placed in a solution of sucrose (4%) with 8-HQ (400 ppm) and in sucrose (4%) with citric acid (200 ppm). In this case, the best water absorption was also observed and the flower shelf life was ten days longer than the control. These treatments can be used to delay flower senescence, improve post-harvest quality and extend shelf life. This method can also help in testing new gladioli varieties.

ABSTRACT

Stimulating effect of cefotaxime and silver nanoparticles on plant regeneration in date palm tissue culture

The essential challenges in practical applications of date palm micropropagation include explant browning, reduced callus growth, low multiplication rate, and frequent tissue contamination. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of cefotaxime (Cefo) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on microbial contamination removal, callus growth, and shoot regeneration in date palm micropropagation. Cultures were initiated from bud tips of 'Barhee' date palm. Murashige and Skoog medium with auxins, cytokinins, and activated charcoal was amended with Cefo (50, 100, and 200 mg·l^-1), AgNPs (0.125 and 0.250 mg·l^-1), and a combination of both. The medium supplemented with 200 mg·l^-1 Cefo and 0.250 mg·l^-1 AgNPs resulted in the best callus growth (318 mg). In contrast, 200 Cefo + 0.125 AgNPs resulted in maximum organogenesis and shoot number per jar (83.4% and 14.1 shoots per jar, respectively). These two combinations resulted in contaminant-free cultures. The total amount of phenolic compounds was significantly reduced to 0.79 and 0.57 mg GAE·g^-1 DM in shoots cultured in the above media, which was reflected in the low browning rate. The data revealed that the maximum endogenous IAA content of shoots (2.681 μg·g^-1 and 2.345 µg g^-1) was obtained in response to 200 mg·l^-1 Cefo + 0.250 AgNPs and 200 mg·l^-1 Cefo + 0.125 mg l^-1 AgNPs, respectively. Therefore, the optimized compositions established in the present study could be applicable in reducing contamination and helping callus production and multiple shoot regeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the antibacterial and growth-promoting effects of Cefo in combination with AgNPs in in vitro cultures of 'Barhee' date palm.

TRANSLATION

Stimulating effect of cefotaxime and silver nanoparticles on plant regeneration in date palm tissue culture

The main difficulties in micropropagation of date palm are browning of explants, reduced callus growth, low propagation rate and frequent occurrence of microbiological contamination. In this experiment, the effect of cefotaxime (Cefo) and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on microbiological contamination and callus growth and shoot regeneration in cultures was assessed in vitro date palm. Cultures were initiated from shoot tips taken from 'Barhee' date palm offshoots. Murashige and Skoog medium with auxins, cytokinins and activated carbon was supplemented with Cefo (50, 100 and 200 mg·l^-1) and AgNP (0,125 and 0,250 mg·l^-1) and a combination of both components. The best callus growth (up to 318 mg) was obtained on the medium with the addition of 200 mg·l^-1 Cefo and 0,250 mg l^-1 AgNP. The highest organogenesis and number of shoots (83,4% and 14,1 shoots per jar, respectively) were obtained for 200 Cefo and 0,125 AgNP. These two combinations also allowed to obtain cultures free from microbiological contamination. On the above media, the total amount of phenolic compounds in shoots was significantly reduced (to 0,79 and 0,57 mg GAE g^-1 s.m.), which limited or eliminated browning. The highest endogenous IAA content in shoots (2,681 μg g^-1 and 2,345 μg g^-1) obtained in response to 200 mg·l^-1 Cefo and 0,250 AgNP and 200 mg·l^-1 Cefo and 0,125 mg l^-1 AgNP. Optimizing the composition of the media allows for the reduction of microbiological contamination, supports callus formation and shoot regeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first information on the effective use of Cefo and AgNP in cultures in vitro 'Barhee' date palm.

ABSTRACT

Effect of ancymidol and phloroglucinol on the number and quality of shoots in the micropropagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

The disadvantages of practical date palm micropropagation are tissue browning, low callus proliferation rate, low multiplication efficiency, and vitrification. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ancymidol (Ancy) and phloroglucinol (PG) on the growth and some biochemical components of the 'Barhee' date palm cultured in vitro. The combination of 0.75 mg·l⁻¹ Ancy and 50 mg l⁻¹ PG was found to be the most effective in terms of callus regeneration rate (89%) and number of shots (14.3). A reduction in browning was observed in tissues cultured on media supplemented with 0.75 mg·l⁻¹ Ancy in combination with 25 or 50 mg·l⁻¹ PG. The medium supplemented with 0.75 mg·l⁻¹ Ancy and 50 mg l⁻¹ PG eliminated shoot vitrification. Effective micropropagation was associated with increased carbohydrate and protein content. In this study, the genetic stability of plants obtained by micropropagation was confirmed by DNA-based RAPD fingerprinting. The results may indicate that the micropropagation protocol used in this study was suitable and applicable to the production of genetically stable date palm plants on a mass scale.

TRANSLATION

The effect of ancymidol and phloroglucinol on the number and quality of shoots in the process of date palm micropropagation (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

In the process of date palm micropropagation, browning of tissues, slow callus proliferation, low multiplication efficiency and excessive hydration are the difficulties. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ancymidol (Ancy) and phloroglucinol (PG) on shoot growth and some biochemical components of date palm 'Barhee' in culture in vitro. Reduction in tissue browning was observed in the medium supplemented with 0,75 mg·l⁻¹ Ancy in combination with 25 or 50 mg·l⁻¹ PG. Combination 0,75 mg l⁻¹ Ancy and 50 mg l⁻¹ PG eliminated excessive shoot hydration and was most effective for callus regeneration (89%) and shoot number (14,3). Effective micropropagation was associated with increased carbohydrate and protein content in leaves. Genetic stability of plants obtained as a result of micropropagation was confirmed by RAPD method. The results indicate that the applied micropropagation protocol was suitable and can be used for mass production of genetically stable date palm plants.

ABSTRACT

Growth activity of apple trees depending on the method and timing of crown pruning

The apple tree is one of the most widespread fruit crops in the world. As the area of ​​plantings increases and horticulture transitions to intensive technologies, the demand for skilled workers increases. The introduction of mechanization processes can solve this problem at all stages of fruit production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of contour pruning and its modification at different times on the growth of 'Jonaweld' apple trees grafted onto the dwarf rootstock M.9 T337. As a result of contour pruning, the trunk diameter increased by 61% and the number of shoots by 40%. Contour pruning with manual refinement produced intermediate results between manual and contour pruning. Furthermore, contour pruning produced the shortest shoots, only 22 cm, compared to 29 cm with manual pruning. There was also a general tendency to limit the growth activity of trees due to postponing pruning. The increase of trunk diameter slowed by 25%, the number of shoots decreased by 8%, and their length decreased by 20%. Specific productivity was highest when contouring with postharvest refinement and pruning.

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Apple tree growth depending on the method and timing of crown pruning

The apple tree is one of the most widespread fruit trees in the world. As planting areas increase and intensive technologies are adopted, the demand for skilled workers increases. This problem can be solved by mechanizing processes at all stages of fruit production. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of contour pruning and its modification at different times on the growth of the apple tree 'Jonaweld' grafted onto the dwarf rootstock M.9 T337. As a result of contour pruning, the trunk diameter increased by 61% and the number of shoots by 40%. Intermediate results between manual and contour pruning were obtained by contour pruning supplemented by manual pruning. Contour pruning also caused the shortest shoots to grow - on average 22 cm, compared to 29 cm for manual pruning. In the case of later pruning dates, a general tendency was observed to slow down the growth of the trees. The increase in trunk diameter was then 25% lower, the number of shoots was 8% lower, and their length by 20%. The highest productivity was achieved using contour cutting supplemented by manual pruning performed after harvest.

ABSTRACT

Effect of salicylic acid in inhibiting fungal contamination in in vitro cultures of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and enhancing embryogenesis and plantlet development

In this study, we evaluated the role of salicylic acid in diminishing fungal contamination in vitro cultures of date palm and the effect of salicylic acid on the regeneration of somatic embryos from callus formed on shoot tips. The most prevalent fungi were alternaria alternata (37%), Fusarium solani (25%), Aspergillus fumigatus (18%), and Penicillium expansum (6%). Salicylic acid limited and at higher concentrations retarded mycelial growth using potato dextrose agar. Salicylic acid at concentrations of 1.5 and 2.0 mM added to MS medium with 2iP and NAA significantly increased the embryogenesis rate of calli explants to 64.9% and 56.7%, respectively, compared with the control (12.3%). Salicylic acid also increased plantlet development from embryos by about 27% compared with the control. Salicylic acid caused better shoot and root growth and increased chlorophyll content. The results showed that the addition of salicylic acid at 1.5 mM to the MS medium resulted in a significant increase in the concentrations of IAA and ABA, as well as a decrease in the concentration of IBA in leaves.

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The effect of salicylic acid on reducing fungal infections in cultures in vitro date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and to improve embryogenesis and seedling development

The role of salicylic acid in reducing fungal infections in cultures was assessed. in vitro date palm and in the regeneration of somatic embryos from callus formed at the ends of shoots. The most common fungi Alternaria alternating (37%), Fusarium solani (25%), Aspergillus fumigatus (18%) and Penicillium expansum (6%). Salicylic acid limited, and at higher concentrations inhibited, mycelium growth on potato dextrose agar in Petri dishes. Salicylic acid added at concentrations of 1,5 and 2,0 mM to Murashige and Skoog medium with 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)-purine and naphthylacetic acid significantly increased the proportion of embryogenic calli in callus cultures to 64,9% and 56,7%, respectively (control – 12,3%). It also increased the proportion of embryos developing into seedlings by about 27%. It caused faster growth of shoots and roots and higher chlorophyll content. The addition of salicylic acid at a concentration of 1,5 mM to the medium significantly increased the concentration of indoleacetic acid and abscisic acid and decreased the concentration of indoleylbutyric acid in leaves.

ABSTRACT

Effect of auxins and activated carbon on in vitro rooting of two blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium corymbosum)

The optimization of tissue culture protocols for blueberry propagation is crucial to meet the increasing demand for disease-free planting materials. This study aimed to determine the effects of three auxins (IBA, IAA, and NAA) at different concentrations to enhance root and shoot development of two blueberry cultivars with different abilities to root, 'Lanmei #1' and 'Brightwell'. Results showed that NAA at 0.5 mg·L^-1 significantly promoted shoot number and length in 'Lanmei #1' while 'Brightwell' showed a limited response. IAA had a variable impact on both shoot and root parameters, with 'Lanmei #1' showing more pronounced positive responses. IBA showed a differential response on root and shoot parameters in both cultivars, with 'Lanmei #1' showing a superior response for shoot number, length, root length, and overall plant vigor. Activated carbon had minimal effect on growth parameters across both cultivars. 'Lanmei #1' demonstrated a robust response to auxin treatments, suggesting it is more suitable for in vitro rooting. The present results confirm previous data on the different abilities of blueberry genotypes to root and the necessity of optimizing the rooting protocol depending on the cultivar.

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The influence of auxins and activated carbon on rooting in vitro two varieties of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum)

Optimization of micropropagation protocols for highbush blueberries is crucial to meet the growing demand for disease-free plants. The aim of the experiments was to determine the effect of three auxins (indolylbutyric acid, indolylacetic acid, and naphthylacetic acid) at different concentrations on the rooting of microshoots of two highbush blueberry cultivars with different rooting abilities – 'Lanmei #1' and 'Brightwell'. Naphthylacetic acid at a concentration of 0,5 mg·L^-1 significantly increased the number and length of 'Lanmei #1' shoots, 'Brightwell' responded less to this auxin. Indole acetic acid had a mixed effect on shoots and roots, but in 'Lanmei #1' the positive results were more pronounced. Indole butyric acid also showed a mixed effect on shoots and roots, with 'Lanmei #1' producing more and longer shoots and longer roots, and plants were generally more vigorous. Activated carbon had the least effect on the growth parameters of the tested cultivars. 'Lanmei #1' showed a strong response to auxin, suggesting that it is more suitable for rooting in vitro. These results confirm previous data on differences in the rooting ability of different highbush blueberry genotypes, as well as the need to adapt the rooting protocol to the variety.

ABSTRACT

Response of Daucus carota plants under Meloidogyne incognita infection to Blumea aurita compost, powder, and essential oil

Meloidogyne incognita is a common pest of carrots grown in hot climates. Existing control methods using synthetic nematicides are associated with contamination and intoxication of plants and the production environment. Recent research trends in pest control include investigations on the use of plant materials. In the present study, Blumea aurita compost, powder, and essential oil were assessed in comparison with Furadan for mitigating the effects of M. unknown on carrot plants.The essential oil was applied at 10, 20, and 30 mg·ml^-1, while the compost and powder were applied at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kg m^-2. The characteristic components of B. aurita essential oils were trans-α-bergamotene (18.04%), caryophyllene epoxide (15.01%), eugenol (11.59%), carvacrol (11.02%), geraniol (10.13%), 1-octen-3-ol (7.03%), 1,8-cineole (7.02%), δ-elemene (7.01%), and α-copaene (6.20%). The reproduction of M. unknown on carrot roots and the level of M. unknown soil infestation were significantly reduced by B. aurita compost and essential oils. The effect of B. aurita compost was comparable to that of the standard nematicide – Furadan. Therefore, materials derived from B. aurita may prove to be an interesting alternative in inhibition M. unknown populations.

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The reaction of carrot plants (daucus carrot) infected with the southern root-knot tumor (Meloidogyne unknown) for compost, ground dried herbs and essential oil Blumea aurita

Southern root-knot (Meloidogyne unknown) is a common pest of carrots grown at high temperatures. Control methods using synthetic nematicides are associated with plant contamination and environmental poisoning. The latest research trends in pest control include research on the use of plant-based agents. In this study, compost, ground dried herb and essential oil were evaluated Blumea aurita compared to Furadan, which is used to alleviate the effects of the presence of the root-knot nematode in carrot crops. The essential oil was used in concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg·ml^-1, while compost and ground dried material in doses of 1, 2 and 3 kg m^-2. Characteristic components of essential oil B. aurita are trans-α-bergamotin (18,04%), caryophyllene epoxide (15,01%), eugenol (11,59%), carvacrol (11,02%), geraniol (10,13%), 1-octen-3-ol (7,03%), 1,8-cineole (7,02%), δ-elemen (7,01%) and α-copaene (6,20%). Compost and essential oil B. aurita significantly reduced the reproduction of the root-knot weed on carrot roots and the level of soil infection. The effect of compost B. aurita was comparable to the effect of Furadan – a standard nematicide. Therefore, products from B. aurita may prove to be an interesting option for limiting the population of the southern root-knot moth.

ABSTRACT

The effect of indoleacetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid concentrations on the rooting and growth of Thymus Atlanticus cuttings

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations (0 ppm, 300 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 1500 ppm) on root development and sprouting of Thymus atlanticus stem cuttings. The results showed a significant effect of auxin type and concentration on survival rate, rooting percentage, root and shoot length, number of shoots, fresh and dry weight. The most efficient was IBA at 1000 ppm, which resulted in a survival rate of 62%, a rooting percentage of 57%, a shoot length of 7.5 cm, and 3.1 new shoots per cutting. These findings highlight the potential of IBA to improve the propagation of Thymus atlanticus using 3–4 cm long shoots, with important implications for commercial propagation and ecological rehabilitation.

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The effect of indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid concentration on rooting and growth of cuttings Thymus Atlanticus

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid (at concentrations of 0, 300, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 ppm) on the rooting and growth of cuttings. Thymus Atlanticus. A significant effect of auxin type and concentration was demonstrated on survival rate, rooting percentage, root and shoot length, shoot number and fresh and dry weight. The most effective was indolebutyric acid at a concentration of 1000 ppm, which resulted in 62% survival, 57% rooting, 7,5 cm shoot length and 3,1 new shoots per seedling. The results illustrate the potential of indolebutyric acid to improve propagation Thymus Atlanticus using shoots 3–4 cm long, which is important for commercial propagation and the reconstruction of natural resources.